No one is exactly sure when people began using playing cards—it was probably in China somewhere between 1000 and 1100 years ago. There are references to a “leaf game” that used pieces of paper with block printing stamped on them, but whether it was a true card game or the pieces were used in a board game is unknown.
About a century later, there are references to printed pieces of paper being used in a drinking game. This is absolute proof that—against all logic—the college fraternity was invented almost a century before the first college was founded in Bologna, Italy in 1088.
Those first playing cards were fashioned after Chinese paper money and the values and types of currency may be the origin of the suits and values of today’s playing cards. By the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), a trick-taking game called Madiao was being played with a deck of 38 cards that had four suits (and the local authorities were already worried about the use of cards in gambling).
Playing cards made their way across Asia into Europe, probably through Muslim-occupied Spain. By last decades of the 14th Century, there were two fairly common traits about the cards. First, the cards had four suits, each with 10 numbered “pip” cards and 2 or 3 “court” cards, depicting royalty. Second, small-minded religious leaders (who were terrified that somebody, somewhere was enjoying himself) probably urged civil authorities to ban their use.
The four suits had a lot of variations depending on the country, but the most common early suits were cups, coins, polo sticks, and swords. Over time the cups and coins were replaced with hearts and diamonds while swords slowly changed into spades. Since polo sticks were not common in early Europe, they changed into war clubs that over time became the symbol of clubs that we use today.
By the end of the 19th Century, the 52-card deck (or French Deck) featured four suits of 13 cards each, with reversible court cards, four Aces, two Jokers (an American invention that originally featured a dog in a doghouse, see right) that came in a “tuck box” sealed with a stamp. By 1937, the boxes were wrapped in cellophane to prevent tampering.
Which brings us finally to the subject of aces. (Forgive me, it is hard for me to get directly to a subject, I feel compelled to give the backstory of everything before I start.)
The word ‘ace’ comes from the latin “as”, the name for the smallest Roman coin, one-tenth of a denari. In France, this became the name for the lowest possible roll of a die. As the word traveled into England, it was pronounced “ace” and since the lowest roll of a die was losing in most dice games, it was associated with bad luck. Evidently, the Ace of Spades was destined to be associated with bad luck even before it existed.
When playing cards arrived, the cards with a single pip were called aces, and since in most of the early card games, the ace was the lowest possible card, it was still associated with losing or bad luck. It was not until trump-taking card games became popular, early in the 19th century, that the rank of the ace climbed higher than the king.
In 17th-century Britain, the government had a bright idea: tax playing cards! And how would you prove you had paid? Simple: the Ace of Spades would be stamped with an official tax mark. No tax, no ace — and no ace, no legal deck. Over time, the Ace of Spades grew fancier and fancier, loaded with coats of arms, crowns, and enough scrollwork to make a medieval scribe blush. The card became so important that forging it could even get you the death penalty. Yes: forging the Ace of spades to avoid a very small tax could literally cost you your head. Cue the spooky music.
Naturally, with stakes that high, people started looking at the Ace of Spades a little differently. It wasn’t just another card — it was the grim-faced tax enforcer of the deck, the brooding sheriff among cheerful hearts and dashing diamonds. Play a seven of clubs and everyone’s smiling, but slap down an Ace of Spades and you could practically hear a ghostly breeze.
Fast forward again, this time to the battlefields of the 20th century. Soldiers — always traditionally fond of superstition — took one look at that dark, ornate Ace and said, "Yep, that’s our card." It appeared on fighter planes, helmets, and, most famously, scattered over battlefields during the Vietnam War by the US soldiers. Some troops even requested crates filled only with Aces of Spades to use as psychological warfare, leaving them on enemy bodies like grim calling cards. (Never mind that the Vietnamese didn’t actually associate the card with death — it’s the thought that counts, right?)
Over the years, the Ace of Spades cemented its reputation: mysterious, dangerous, fatalistic, and a little bit theatrical. Musicians, motorcyclists, and magicians adopted it. It found its way onto leather jackets, album covers, and more tattoos than we can count. Somehow, what began as a coin for a loaf of bread became a universal symbol of bad omens and rock-and-roll rebellion.
Today, when you see that bold black spade staring up from the table, it’s hard not to feel a tiny shiver — and maybe a chuckle. After all, it’s just an overworked playing card that got wrapped up in taxes, war, and a dash of good old human drama.
So next time you draw the Ace of Spades, tip your hat to the centuries of gamblers, tax collectors, soldiers, and rock stars who made it the legendary “death card” — and then go ahead and win the hand anyway.